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13. Summarize the following text.

The term ‘Diaspora’ is used to refer to people who have left their homelands and settled in other parts of the world, either because they were forced to do so or because they wanted to leave on their own. The world has seen many Diasporas but scholars have been studying the phenomenon with great interest only in recent decades.

Among the great Diasporas of history is that of the Jewish people, who were forced to leave their lands in ancient times. The movement of Aryans from Central Europe to the Indian sub-continent thousand of years ago is also a noteworthy diaspora, although the causes of this Diaspora are unclear. In twentieth century history, the Palestinian Diasporas has attracted a lot of attention and been a cause of concern for world leaders because of the plight of Palestinians. There have been massive Diasporas in Africa, too, over the centuries, either because of war or because of the ravages of nature. But the chief reason why the phenomenon of Diasporas is attracting so much attention now is globalization.

Answer : The word ‘Diasporas’ is increasingly used for a group of people or a community who have left their homelands and settled in other parts of the world. The Diaspora of the Jewish people, The Diaspora of the Aryans and the Palestinian Diaspora are some great Diasporas in the history of the world. The causes of Diasporas are the wars, the ravages of nature and the globalization.

14. Summarize the following text.

Putting men on Mars has been an idea in science fiction for quite a while. However, when man first walked on the Moon, walking on Mars suddenly seemed feasible. A manned mission to Mars would be a huge milestone in space exploration. It would allow a more in-depth study of the Red Plant, and many have argued that building a permanent base on Mars is much more practical than building one on the Moon. A mission to Mars would be similar to the Moon landings, but much more difficult. The trip is about a hundred times longer, and there are new problems such as Martian weather which must be considered. NASA currently has plans to have a man on Mars sometime in the 2030s, while the ESA plans to do so also around the same time. Russia has plans to launch a manned Mars mission by 2020.

Answer : We read man’s landing to Mars in science fictions. But after landing on the moon and sending automatic space ships to the outer spaces, it now seems possible that man may land on the Mars. Many space organizations have already started their researches to send men to the Mars. If they become successful, a new milestone will be set in the history of space exploration.

15. Summarize the following text.

The first peace movement appeared in 1815-1816. The first such movement in the United States was the New York peace Society, founded in 1815 by the theologian David Low Dodge, and the Massachusetts Peace Society. It became an active organization, holding regular weekly meetings, and producing which was spread as far as Gibraltar and Malta; describing the horrors of war and advocating pacifism on Christian grounds. The London Peace Society (also known as the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace) was formed in 1816 to promote permanent and universal peace by the philanthropist William Alien. In the 1840s, British women formed ‘Olive Leaf Circles’ groups of around 15 to 20 women, to discuss and promote pacifist ideas. The peace movement began to grow in influence by the mid- nineteenth century. The London Peace Society, under the initiative of American consul to Brimingham, Elihu Burritt, and the Reverend Henry Richard, convened the first International Peace Congress in London in 1843. The congress decided on two aims: the ideal of peaceable arbitration in the affairs of nations and the creation of an international institution to achieve that.

Afterwards, peace organizations were set up in many countries. The United Nations was founded with the primary objective to maintain peace and resolve inter-state conflicts in the world. Many treaties have been signed between many nations, a noteworthy one of which is the nuclear non- proliferation treaty. Everyone wants peace and likes the principles of non-violence.

Answer : The first peace movement in the United States was the New York peace Society in 1815. It became an active organization, holding regular weekly meetings, and producing literature describing the horrors of war and advocating pacifism on Christian grounds. To promote permanent and universal peace, the London Peace Society was formed in 1816. British women formed ‘Olive Leaf Circles’ to discuss and promote pacifist ideas

in the 1840s. The London Peace Society convened the first international Peace Congress in London in 1843. Afterwards, the United Nations was founded with the primary objective to maintain peace and resolve inter-state conflicts in the world.

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